Mid-infrared frequency conversion via normal dispersion modulation instability in chalcogenide fibers has been numerically investigated by calculating the phase matching conditions and solving the generalized nonlinear Schrödinger equation. The core material of the chalcogenide fibers is As2Se3 and the cladding material is As2S5. Usually, the larger converted wavelength spacing between the pump and the far-detuned converted signal, the smaller gain. Therefore, the dispersion of the chalcogenide fibers are optimized to balance the gain and the converted signal wavelength spacing. The results show that the converted far-detuned mid-infrared signal can be tuned to 10 μm. The results also show that for a pumping source with the fixed wavelength, the far-detuned frequency conversion can be optimized by controlling the core size of step-index chalcogenide fibers. By using the simple step-index structure and controlling the core size of the chalcogenide fibers, the far-detuned mid-infrared frequency conversion can be achieved.
The mid-infrared (MIR) range is of great interest because fundamental molecular vibrational absorption bands exist in the MIR range. In the MIR range, typically, lasing can be generated using quantum cascade lasers, cascaded Raman lasers, and optical parametric oscillators (OPOs). Recently, fiber OPOs (FOPOs) in the MIR range have received attention because of their flexibility of the parametric gain curve designing the chromatic dispersion. Chalcogenide glass is the promising candidate for MIR FOPO because of their wide transmission window and high nonlinear coefficient. In the present paper, we design the chromatic dispersion of four-hole As2S5 chalcogenide suspended core fiber (SCF), and demonstrate a far-detuned four-wave mixing (FWM) for MIR FOPO. We design the four-hole As2S5 chalcogenide SCF for far-detuned FWM using a ∼2 μm pump source. A four-hole As2S5 chalcogenide SCF which has a core diameter of 3.25 μm is fabricated using a homemade draw tower. We experimentally observed far-detuned FWM in the four-hole As2S5 chalcogenide SCF. A detuning frequency of over 80 THz is measured in 21 cm long fiber using a 2.7 ps pulse laser at 1.96 μm. The experimental observation was confirmed by numerical demonstration.
We experimentally investigate mid-infrared (MIR) supercontinuum (SC) generation in chalcogenide step-index optical fibers. The pump source is generated by the difference frequency generation with a pulse width of ~170 fs, a repetition rate of ~1000 Hz, and a wavelength range tunable from 2.5 to 11 μm. The wide MIR SC will be applied in sensing, medical and biological imaging areas.
We experimentally demonstrate mid-infrared supercontinuum (SC) generation in chalcogenide multi-step index fibers (MSIF) pumped by a femtosecond laser. The fabricated chalcogenide MSIF is composed of a high refractive index core (C1) in the center, which is enclosed by a lower refractive index core layer (C2) and an outer cladding. This fiber structure is advantageous to tailor the chromatic dispersion with higher freedom and to keep the effective mode area small at long wavelengths. The high refractive index core, low refractive index core, and the outer cladding materials are As2Se3, AsSe2 and As2S5, respectively. When the diameter of C1 and C2 are 7.8 and 30 μm, respectively, the zerodispersion wavelength (ZDW) of the fiber is 12.5 μm. The chromatic dispersion profile is near-zero and flattened within the range of ±20 ps/km/nm in the wavelength range from 4 to 17 μm and a broad normal dispersion region is obtained in the wavelength range shorter than the ZDW. In practice, a 2.8 cm long fiber is pumped at 10 μm by using a femtosecond laser whose pulse width is ~200 fs. The SC generation extending from 2 to 14 μm is obtained. Most of its spectrum is in the normal dispersion region of the fiber. These results are promising for the highly coherent mid-infrared SC generation.
We report here the design of a new chalcogenide hybrid microstructured optical fiber (HMOF) with a buffer layer around the core and its potential performance of tailoring chromatic dispersion and supercontinuum (SC) generation. The new chalcogenide HMOF has an AsSe2 core. The refractive index difference Δn between the AsSe2 core and cladding material is supposed to be 0.3. The fiber microstructure and the Δn between the core and buffer materials are designed in order to obtain broad anomalous dispersion regimes with near-zero and flattened chromatic dispersion profiles for broadband SC generation. Moreover, the suppression of chromatic dispersion fluctuation caused by fiber transverse geometry variation is investigated. By using the proposed chalcogenide buffer-embed HMOFs, the calculation shows that near-zero and flattened anomalous chromatic dispersion regimes from 4.5 μm can be obtained. When the variation of fiber structure occurs for ±1, ±5 and ±10 %, the chromatic dispersion fluctuation can be greatly suppressed. In addition, the calculation shows that a broad SC spectrum from 2.5 to more than 16.0 μm can be obtained when a 0.9-cmlong section of the new chalcogenide buffer-embed HMOF is pumped at 5.0 μm by a femtosecond laser with 1-kW peak power.
The supercontinuum generation and rogue wave generation in a step-index chalcogenide fiber are numerically investigated by solving the generalized nonlinear Schrödinger equation. Two noise models have been used to model the noise of the pump laser pulses to investigate the consistency of the noise modeling in rogue wave generation. First noise model is 0.1% amplitude noise which has been used in the report of rogue wave generation. Second noise model is the widely used one-photon-per-mode-noise and phase diffusion-noise. The results show that these two commonly used noise models have a good consistency in the simulations of rogue wave generation. The results also show that if the pump laser pulses carry more noise, the chance of a rogue wave with a high peak power becomes higher. This is harmful to the SC generation by using picosecond lasers in the chalcogenide fibers.
We report here the potential of fiber optical parametric amplification (FOPA) by using highly nonlinear chalcogenide double-cladding fibers. The fibers are designed with an AsSe2-based core layer surrounded by two cladding layers. The size and the refractive index differences (dn) between the core and cladding are investigated to obtain flattened chromatic dispersion spectra over a wide wavelength range up to the mid-infrared window. The inner cladding with dn2 is added to suppress the variation of the chromatic dispersion caused by the fluctuation of the core diameter. Our numerical calculations shows that very broad anomalous dispersion ranges from 5.0 μm up to 11.0 μm where the chromatic dispersion is less than 10 ps/km-nm can be obtained when the core diameter varies from 2.0 to 9.0 μm and the inner cladding diameter is kept at 9.0 μm. The dn1 and dn2 are 0.30 and 0.02, respectively. The FOPA calculation is carried out using a 3-cm-long fiber whose core diameter is 3 μm. When the pump power is 3 W at 5320 nm, a very broad gain bandwidth is obtained from 3.3 up to 11 μm. Moreover, the gain spectrum is flattened (about 32 ± 1 dB) in the ranges from 3.3 to 4.1 μm and from 7.5 up to 11.0 μm. When the core diameter fluctuates from 2.0 to 5.0 μm, the FOPA gain spectra can be maintained.
We report the coherent mid-infrared supercontinuum generation in an all-solid chalcogenide microstructured fiber with all-normal dispersion. The chalcogenide microstructured fiber is four-hole structure with core material of AsSe2 and air holes are replaced by As2S5 glass rods. Coherent mid-infrared supercontinuum light is generated in a 2-cm-long chalcogenide microstructured fiber pumped by a 2.7 μm laser. The simulated and experimental results have a good match and the coherence property of supercontinuum light in the chalcogenide microstructured fiber has been studied by using the complex degree of coherence theory. Coherent mid-infrared supercontinuum generation is extended to 3.3 μm in this work.
Nonlinear optical polymers show promising potential applications in photonics, for example, electro-optical devices. Poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is widely used in optical waveguides, integrated optics and optical fibers. However, PMMA has not been used for nonlinear optical waveguides since it has a low nonlinear refractive index. We successfully prepared chalcogenide amorphous nanoparticles doped PMMA that had a high nonlinearity. The As3S7 bulk glass was dissolved in propylamine to form a cluster solution. Then the As3S7/propylamine solution was added into methyl methacrylate (MMA) containing photoinitiator Irgacure 184 about 0.5 wt%. After well mixing the As3S7 nanoparticle doped MMA was transparent. Under the irradiation by a 365 nm UV lamp, As3S7 nanoparticles doped PMMA was obtained with yellow color. The third-order nonlinear optical susceptibility of As3S7 nanoparticles doped PMMA was investigated. An optical waveguide array based on the As3S7 nanoparticles doped PMMA composite of high nonlinearity was fabricated.
The compositional dependences of glass formation, thermal properties and optical properties are investigated for TeO2-ZnO-Na2O-P2O5 system for hybrid microstructured optical fibers. The refractive indexes at 1.55 μm and glass transition temperature vary in a wide range from 1.513 to 2.036 and from 265°C to 376°C by controlling of the TeO2/P2O5 and ZnO/Na2O content, respectively. These properties endow tellurite-phosphate glasses with large freedom in the hybrid microstructured optical fiber design. The structures of glasses are investigated by Raman spectra to understand the structural dependence on composition. Using the present glasses, some microstructured optical hybrid fibers with particular dispersion profiles are designed and demonstrated.
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