We have grown several high atomic number and high density ternary single crystals for variety of sensors. These materials are layered compounds (also designated as 2D) and have shown great promise for radiation and optical sensors. For achieving the good quality single crystals thermal characteristics are required, we have characterized thallium lead iodide, thallium mercury iodide and thallium gallium selenide synthesized from binary thallium and mercury and lead salts. Both thermal gravimetric and differential thermal analysis was performed from 50 to 9000C using two systems including a PerkinElmer Pyris 1 TGA and platinum sample pan in the nitrogen atmosphere. We will compare these data with available phase diagram for the grown stoichiometric compound.
The properties of synthetically hydroxyapatites are significantly affected by chemical or radiological exposures making these materials good sensors. Since early sixties hydroxyapatites single crystals have been investigated for sensors and laser host applications. Hydroxyapatites are naturally occurring mineral calcium apatite with the formula Ca5(PO4)6(OH)2 . When the OH− ion is replaced by halides (F, Cl) and carbonate these are referred as haloapatites such as fluorapatite and chlorapatite. These materials generally belong to hexagonal symmetry. Most of the times naturally occurring apatite contain impurities and instead of transparent white these appear to be brown, green or yellow. Recently it has been realized that major portion of the body bone is some form of hydroxyapatite. We have studied several compositions of hydroxyapatites and synthesized by using nanoparticles of parent components and developed growth by sintering and grain growth. We observed that during grain growth hexagonal morphology is formed which changes to glassy phase depending on the cooling conditions and compositions.
In this paper gallium based oxyhalides suitable for radiation detectors, lasers, and acousto-optic devices for mid-infrared (MWIR) and long wave infrared (LWIR} operations are discussed. Low temperature solution and flux growth methods have demonstrated that these materials are very anisotropic and belong to hexagonal class. In this paper, we will describe the details of effect of anisotropy and its importance in nonlinearity in optical applications.
SignificanceThe glassy and crystalline hydroxyapatites that affect the metabolic processes such as tissue growth and healing are affected by the electrical, electrochemical, and optical properties investigated in this study.AimThe aim of the present study is to determine effects of high-energy radiation and impurities on the electrical and optical properties of hydroxyapatites responsible for tissue growth and tendency of glass forming ability.ApproachThe approach of the study involves synthesis using carbonates, oxides, silicates, phosphates, and borates of parent materials using elevated temperature and low-temperature flux process. High-energy radiation effects were studied by exposing hydroxyapatites with 5 μCi Cs137 γ- ray source. Morphology was studied to determine dissolution and glass formation of additives such as titanium, gallium, and selenium.ResultsIrradiation of silicate bio glasses showed huge effects on the electrical characteristics, such as dielectric constant (hence polarity) and resistivity of the materials while optical properties showed insignificant changes. Morphological studies showed transition of faceted to nonfaceted structure.ConclusionExposure for the bias voltage of 50 to 1000 mV in the range of 100 to 100000 Hz frequency range showed a large decrease in the dielectric constant and increase in resistivity. The IR and Raman spectra for irradiated glasses exposed for 24 h showed a small change. Morphological results showed that substitution of gallium, magnesium, and /or titanium affects the transition to the glass formation. The addition of selenium showed enormous potential to improve the mixing and glass formation without titanium and gallium precipitates in the matrix.
It was demonstrated by Rai et al. in 2014 that artifacts can cause big problems in sensor materials and devices which have smaller than TEM lamella thickness. These artifacts are generated due to incongruency, eutectics and peritectic. In high power, high frequency and high sensitivity optical and electronic devices and systems, binary and ternary materials can be designed with superior properties. For example, halides, selenides and tellurides have wide transparency, high mobility and low absorption and wide transparency. It is extremely difficult to achieve to good quality materials due to multicomponent without knowledge of phase diagram, vapor pressure and other thermodynamic parameters. We will present excess thermodynamic functions of several binary and ternary industrially important materials such as ZnSe, GaSe, Tl3AsSe3 and Tl4HgI6 showing the stability of these materials. These parameters are indications of congruency and stability of melts near the growth temperature.
We have been investigating CaCu3Ti4O12 class of perovskites for variety of applications due to its very large dielectric constant. Several mechanisms have been proposed for the existence of the high dielectric constant based on grain boundaries and oxygen deficiencies. We will report the results of the effects of monovalent substitution to replace calcium. This will alter the size to distort the perovskite structure. In addition, we used this system as a sensor for organic agents. There were very large changes in dielectric constant and resistivity indicating this system as a very good sensor material.
A great deal of research has been performed on refractive index n and extinction coefficient k due to varieties of applications in optical industries. The dispersion equation is described for the photons of varying energies and their interactions with materials since there is a strong correlation of n and k with wavelength. Measurements based on reflectance can be expensive and are very difficult due to compositional variations. We present a low-cost reflectance probe fiber optics designed in-house to determine the absorption coefficients and refractive index of solids. The solutions using a modified Beer-Lamberts Law and merging the concentration and extinction coefficient terms into an absorption coefficient, α, can be given by the equation I = I0 exp (-α* d) where I is the transmitted intensity, I0 is incident intensity and d is the thickness. We have experimented with several semiconductor compounds for this study.
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