Time-delay of transmitted pulses with respect to the incident pulse in bacteriorhodopsin films has been studied without the use of a pump beam. Based on a modified saturable absorber model, analytical expressions of the transmitted pulse have been obtained. As a result, time delay, distortion and fractional delay have been theoretically analyzed for sinusoidal pulses with a low background.
An energetic study of focused ultrashort Gaussian beams was carried out using the Fresnel diffraction formulae
in the frequency domain. Analysis of the encircled energy at the focused plane shows that diffraction spreading
of a focused pulsed beam occurs in the limiting case of a ultrashort pulse by comparing it to a cw beam whose
frequency is ωm which strongly contributes to the diffracted intensity rather than the carrier frequency ω0.
We present our first experimental results of lens irradiation obtained with ultrashort pulse lasers. The irradiation was done with the Ti:Safire laser which irradiates at 800 nm with a repetition rate of 76 MHz. The maximum average intensity used was 300mW, with pulses of 4 nJ. The holographic images obtained have given us information about the focusing process of the lens capsule as well as its rupture, thus indicating the level of penetration in the lens and capsule rupture. The results obtained in these first experiments allow us to establish protocols and techniques to break the capsule of the lenses as well as to carry out possible modifications inside the lens. As the optical system developed works in real time, it is possible to perform dosimetry measurements in the light-lens interaction processes giving quantitative information about the breakdown of the tissue structures. In future projects the possible side effects of thermal action and local modification of the capsule will be analyzed; these are important aspects in the field of noninvasive lens surgery.
In this work we are going to apply GPU (Graphical Processing Units) with CUDA environment for scientific calculations, concretely high cost computations on the field of digital holography. For this, we have studied three typical problems in digital holography such as Fourier transforms, Fresnel reconstruction of the hologram and the calculation of vectorial diffraction integral. In all cases the runtime at different image size and the corresponding accuracy were compared to the obtained by traditional calculation systems. The programs have been carried out on a computer with a graphic card of last generation, Nvidia GTX 680, which is optimized for integer calculations. As a result a large reduction of runtime has been obtained which allows a significant improvement. Concretely, 15 fold shorter times for Fresnel approximation calculations and 600 times for the vectorial diffraction integral. These initial results, open the possibility for applying such kind of calculations in real time digital holography.
Digital Holographic Microscopy (DHM) is a potentially non-invasive new technology which can be applied in many
areas from applied imaging science to biomedical optics. DHM is an interferometric technique that gives us a number of
important advantages such as the possibility to acquire holograms at high speed, to obtain complete information about
amplitude and phase and to use image processing techniques. In this sense, DHM offers rapid 3D imaging with a
theoretically higher resolution than OCT (Optical Coherent Tomography). By this technique optical path measurements
with sensitivities in the nanometer range of reflective and transparent objects can be obtained.
In this work, we use DHM to study the effect of ablation using 4.5 nJ pulses on chicken corneas. For this, a titanium
sapphire laser at 800 nm and 76 MHz frequency (Vitesse, Coherent Inc. USA) was focused to its diffraction-limited spot
size by a 10x objective of 0.3 numerical aperture. The width of the pulse (170 fs) at the sample was measured by spectral
techniques. The average beam power at the sample was 340 mW and all the system was mechanically driven by a XY
synchronization unit that controls the speed of the sample movement. The speed of the sample was varied between 1-50
μm/s.
The studied chicken corneal tissue was previously processed by Trypan dye in order to visualize the irradiated area. The
photodisrupted zone was analyzed by a HDM technique by illuminating it using a laser diode source (λ=683 nm) linearly
polarized in a modified Mach-Zehnder with an off-axis geometry configuration. The reflected object wave by the tissue
surface (specimen) interferes with the reference wave and a CCD camera records the hologram. As a result, the influence
of the speed of photodisruption in the depth of the ablated corneas was analyzed. Therefore, it is possible to analyze
thermal and photoirradiated effects on corneal tissues which allow us the possibility to optimize the interaction of
intratissue and the intratissue target region of interest.
Protein Bacteriorhodopsin (bR) is one of the most promising and widely studied biomaterials for photonic applications
like optical storage, modulation devices and photosynthetic light energy transduction. In this paper, we present the
corresponding experimental results when pH-controlled modifications of bR doped polymeric films are realized in order
to apply these systems to all-optical switching processes and technologies.
In this work, the performance of wild type bR processed in polymeric films with different pH was tested in several series
of experiments by varying the pump beam (532 nm) period of ON and OFF and analyzing the amplitude contrast and
switching time of the probe beam (633 nm). The influence of pH values on contrast ratio and switching time were also
discussed and the optimal value was found by defining a new parameter called "switching speed". As a result, the
variation of pH can be used to obtain different time of response and speed of modulation. Concretely, we find that, in
function of pH, variations of a magnitude order in contrast ratio and time response can be obtained. So, at the red region
of the probe beam, high pH values produce high transmission with flat response in the contrast ratio and a magnitude
order variation in switching time. On the other hand, at medium pH values and when high intensities are used, the
switching time and contrast ratio are better. Moreover, it is demonstrated that as a function of the wavelength of the
probe beam the transmission response curve changes. Absorption response is very important and depends on relaxation
time processes of intermediate species which are function of pH values. Therefore, these results bring the possibility for
controlling the contrast ratio and the switching time in a specific way which could be useful for different applications.
The aim of this work is to analyze the effect of the addition or substitution of several components (coinitiator
and photoinitiator) in a photopolymerizable holographic material based on a pyrromethene dye (PM567) acting
as a photoinitiator and HEMA as monomer both of them dissolved in a dry polymeric matrix of PMMA. For
this, diffraction gratings were recorded at different intensities and the energetic evolution of the diffraction
efficiency as well as the observed inhibition period were studied as a function of the component that has been
modified (coinitiator (tert-butyl peroxybenzoate (tBPH)) or photoinitiator PM546 and PM556). Moreover, the
experimental angular selectivity curves were theoretically analyzed by the model of Kubota and Uchida, and as a
result information such as the effective thickness, fringe bending and non-uniform index modulation against the
thickness of grating was obtained. It is observed that when PM546 is used instead of PM567, better responses
for a wide range of intensities are obtained, in particular at high intensity where gratings with low fringe bending
and a relative constant index modulation against thickness is reached. When a coinitiator such as tert-butyl
peroxybenzoate (tBPH) is added to the reference composition, shorter inhibition periods are obtained with low
fringe bending but with lower diffraction efficiencies.
The multiplexing of holographic reflection gratings with a spatial frequency higher than 5400 lines/mm in photopolymerizable
sol-gel materials is experimentally demonstrated. The effect of the angular separation of the
gratings and exposure time is characterized. Moreover, 9 reflection gratings are angularly multiplexed with
diffraction efficiencies between 6 and 12% using an energy of 9 mJ/cm2 in each exposure, resulting in a dynamic
range M/# = 2.8.
Silver halide materials have occupied an important place in the recording of images. The reason is mainly given
by the high sensitivity of the recording medium, thus permitting the use of minimal levels light and hence easing
the stability problems of apparatus and the need for high powered laser equipment. When the film is exposed in
a holographic process a latent image of a diffraction grating is formed. The developing solution reduces exposed
silver halide grains to silver at a higher rate than the unexposed grains. Among the commercial emulsions,
recently good results have been reported in BB-640 photographic emulsions, since in this work we present the
experimental results related to the response of this emulsion to the interference of pulsed Gaussian beams. For
this, diffraction gratings were recorded by the interference of pulsed Gaussian beams with 120 fs of width,
76 MHz of frequency repetition and central wavelength of 790 nm, where the transmittance of this emulsion
is higher than 99%. As a result, diffraction efficiencies up to 30% were obtained with low sensitivities due to
the low absorption and grain size (18 - 20nm). The thickness of the photographic emulsions and the bleached
process has been analyzed and the sensitivity has been optimized with D8 developer.
In this work, we present the analysis of a photopolymerizable system based on pyrromethene dye (PM567) acting
as a photoinitiator and HEMA as monomer both of them dissolved in a dry polymeric matrix of PMMA. Previously,
we reported the recording of diffraction gratings in this composition, resulting in diffraction efficiencies
near 60 % with exposures of 1 J/cm2 in materials with thicknesses around 500 microns. Although, the mentioned
response (best) was observed at low intensities but at higher ones lower diffraction efficiencies were reached. Furthermore,
in all the studied cases inhibition periods with asymmetrical angular selectivity curves were obtained.
Since, in order to solve the mentioned drawbacks, the aim of this work is to analyze the effect of the addition of a
crosslinking agent (PETA) in a photopolymerizable holographic material based on a pyrromethene dye (PM567)
acting as a photoinitiator and HEMA as monomer both of them dissolved in a dry polymeric matrix of PMMA.
For this, diffraction gratings were recorded at different intensities and the energetic evolution of the diffraction
efficiency as well as the observed inhibition period were studied as a function of the concentration of crosslinking
agent. Moreover, the experimental angular selectivity curves were theoretically analyzed by the model of Kubota
and Uchida, and as a result information such as the effective thickness, fringe bending and non-uniform index
modulation against the thickness of grating was obtained.
We present a holographic system that can be used to manipulate the group velocity of light pulses. The proposed
structure is based on the multiplexing of two sequential holographic volume gratings, one in transmission and the
other in reflection geometry, where one of the recording beams must be the same for both structures. Analytical
expressions were obtained for the transmittance induced at the forbidden band (spectral hole) and conditions
where the group velocity was slowed down were analyzed. Moreover, the propagation of Gaussian pulses is
analyzed in this system for a fixed reflection grating and three different transmission gratings.
We develop the Interpolatory Fixed-Point Algorithm (IFPA) to compute efficiently the TE and TM reflectance
and transmittance coefficients for arbitrary 1D structures at oblique incidence. For this purpose, we demonstrate
that the semi-analytical solutions of the Helmholtz equation provided by the fixed-point method have
a polynomial dependence on variables that are related to the essential electromagnetic parameters -incidence
angle and wavelength-, which allows a drastic simplification of the required calculations taking the advantage of
interpolation for a few parameter values. The first step to develop the IFPA consists of stating the Helmholtz
equation and boundary conditions for TE and TM plane incident waves on a 1D finite slab with an arbitrary
permittivity profile surrounded by two homogeneous media. The Helmholtz equation and boundary conditions
are then transformed into a second-order initial value problem which is written in terms of transfer matrices.
By applying the fixed-point method, the coefficients of such transfer matrices are obtained as polynomials on
several variables that can be characterized by a reduced set of interpolating parameters. We apply the IFPA to
specific examples of 1D diffraction gratings, optical rugate filters and quasi-periodic structures, for which precise
solutions for the TE and TM modes are efficiently obtained by computing less than 20 interpolating parameters.
Present and future of holography depends on the development of high quality holographic recording media. In
this sense, the improvement of most of the applications associated with holography can be attributed to the
optimization of the recording step in material. In this work we review holographic recording media as silver
halide, photopolymers and sol-gel in which it has been demonstrated the possibility for achieving holographic
storage and holographic optical elements. Photographic emulsions have high popularity in holographic recording,
due to the high exposure sensitivity, the high resolving power and wide range of spectral sensitivity. In this
work, recent advances in BB-640 Colorholographic photographic emulsion will be presented in transmission and
reflection holographic gratings. Moreover photopolymers have been demonstrated as a high potential material
in holographic optical storage. These materials do not need postprocessing, therefore they can be analyzed
in real time. Furthermore, photopolymers have advantage such as the possibilities to be fabricated with high
high thicknesses and with a wide spectral sensitivity range from the red to the blue region. As a result, high
diffraction efficiency with excellent sensitivity can be obtained with the right choice of the monomers. Here we
will present recent results with PVA-acrylamide composition. One of the drawbacks of the photopolymers is
its thermomechanical stability, for this reason, sol-gel materials, a mixture of organic-inorganic material, have
been recently developed. In this review we will present the experimental results in transmission and reflection
holograms.
We present the results obtained using two different types of the new panchromatic ultra-fine grain emulsion BBVPan, manufactured by Colourholographics Ltd. The first emulsion type was manufactured by mixing three monochromatic precipitates, so that each silver halide grain is sensitised with one dye only. The second emulsion was obtained by making one single precipitate containing all three dyes mixed together, so that each silver halide grain may be sensitised by the three dyes. Both emulsions have been compared in order to produce multiple band holographic reflection gratings, multiplexed on a single layer of material. Three different laser systems were used: He-Cd (442 nm), frequency-doubled Nd-YAG (532 nm) and He-Ne (632.8 nm). High diffraction efficiencies, of over 52\%, were obtained for each of the three bands, with little wavelength shifting. Tests with diffuse objects have been also carried out, studying colour balance for each of the emulsions.
In this paper we have studied the recording of Fourier holograms in a PVA-AA photopolymer, analysing the influence of beam ratio in the quality of the reconstructed images. As a result, it has been observed that the variation of the beam ratio produces significant changes in the response of the material, showing that there is a range of optimal values that gives the best performance of the photopolymer for the recording of Fourier holograms. Effects on edge enhancement as consequence of spatial filtering on the reconstruction stage has been observed for low values of beam ratio. The best beam ratio obtained from this study has been used for holographic multiplexing of four Fourier holograms.
In recent years the interest shown in dry photopolymer films as holographic recording materials have increased dramatically. The main reasons for this are the special properties of these media, such as high diffraction efficiency, low noise, real-time processing and low cost. Moreover, these materials are an important option for displays, high density data storage, micro-optical elements and other information processing applications. In these materials the hologram formation mechanism has been broadly studied, and it has been proposed that the temporal behavior of the diffracted beams depends mainly on the diffusion processes. Thus, the spatial modulation of the refractive index and its evolution over time is the result of non-uniform polymerization and the diffusion of monomers. In this work an analysis of the proposed models and the effect of the diffusion coefficient on the behavior of polyvinylalcohol-acrylamide-based compositions is realized.
Holographic techniques have been used for manufacturing multiple band one-dimensional, two-dimensional, and three-dimensional photonic crystals with different configurations, by multiplexing reflection and transmission setups on a single layer of holographic material. The recording material used for storage is an ultra fine grain silver halide emulsion, with an average grain size around 20 nm. The results are a set of photonic crystals with the one-dimensional, two-dimensional, and three-dimensional index modulation structure consisting of silver halide particles embedded in the gelatin layer of the emulsion. The characterisation of the fabricated photonic crystals by measuring their transmission band structures has been done and compared with theoretical calculations.
In this work we have studied the characteristics of reflection gratings recorded with BB640 emulsions from Colourholographics Ltd. processed with a set of different developers and bleaching techniques. Overall diffraction efficiencies evaluated with spectral response curves result in values higher than 70% (80% taking into account reflection losses) for conventional fixation free rehalogenating bleaching processes, with very low scattering.
A slightly lower value was obtained with reversal bleaching techniques, but with lower scattering in the recordings.
For the latter, an analytical analysis of the spectral responses based on the Kogelnik's theory has been performed, leading to anomalous results regarding physical thickness of the hologram and the reply wavelength, a performance that points towards holographic profile distortions. We have also used a completely different processing scheme based on Kodak D8, a developer never used in reflection holography, with a direct bleach rendering 40% diffraction efficiency, a broad bandwidth and a reconstruction wavelength longer than the recording one.
Ion this work we present a distortion of the usual H-D curve due to the action of a high contrast developer, Kodak D8 on ultra fine grain emulsion. This effect has been found for emulsions BB640, with a mean grain size of 20 nm. This anomalous curve shows two different linear zones for two different exposure ranges and no solarization region. Densities higher than 11 have been measured. Superaditivity effects of D8 with different developing agents were studied. Based on obtained result with different holographic bleaching processes, some ideas on the mechanisms involved in the anomaly have been proposed.
Two wave-mixing (TWM) is reported for an acrylamide based photopolymer at a wavelength of 633 nm where the material absorbs light. Measurements of diffraction efficiency where also made at 441. In TWM experiment, transfer of energy from the reference beam to the object beam is showed and the mechanism of the image formation is studied using real time measurements.
The response curve D-Log E is the most important method to characterize photographic emulsions. In this work we present the experimental study using a real time technique that can be applied to the improvement of the holographic properties of emulsions. We have exposured an Agfa Gevaert 8E56HD emulsion with an Argon laser tuned at 514 nm. After it, we measured the transmittance curve when the emulsion was into the developer bath function of time at 20 degrees Celsius. This method gives us the possibility of study the dynamics of different developers as a function of the storage energy. It also provides a way to optimize the composition of developers function of the chemical composition, temperature and other secondary factors as superaditivity and non-linear processes.
The spectral sensitivity and the enhancement of the energetic sensitivity are important points to the optimization of photopolymerizable materials. We have studied a polymeric system based on polyvinylalcohol as binder, monomers as acrylamide and dihydroxyethylenbisacrylamide and a photoinitiator system composed by triethanolamine and methylene blue. This system was irradiated with an Ar+ laser tuned at 514 nm, where this material do not absorb. Obtaining diffraction efficiencies of 55% with an energetic expositions of 500 mJcm-2. A possible mechanism of initiation of the photopolymerization process has been proposed by the presence of semireduced methylene blue that has an absorption band at 520 nm.
We study the effect of the addition of a crosslinking agent in a photopolymerizable matrix for real time holography. The optimization of the concentration of this component has been realized attending to the holographic parameters like energetic sensitivity and diffraction efficiency. Diffraction efficiencies near to 80 percent have been obtained with energetic exposures of 12 mJ/cm2.
The quantum efficiency and molar absorption coefficients of dyes are the responsible for holographic efficiency and sensitivity in a photopolymeric holographic recording material. These parameters have been obtained by fitting the experimental transmittance curves as function of time. For this using the mechanism of photo initiation an analytical expression for the transmitted intensity in a photopolymerizable holographic material has been proposed, obtaining good agreement between theory and experience.
The image quality of pseudophakic eyes with intraocular lenses in high myopia was studied by applying geometric and wave optics. Two types of intraocular lenses (IOL) were compared—one that was meniscus shaped and the other either planoconcave or planoconvex [bending factor (X)511]. A geometric study of image quality was used to analyze the transverse spherical aberration (TA) and the chromatic aberration (chromatic difference of the blur circles, CDBC). The loss of image quality and visual acuity increases as the TA and CDBC increase. The polychromatic modulation transfer function (MTF) was obtained using the point-spread function (PSF), taking into account spherical aberration and defocus coefficients. Finally, for chromatic and spherical aberrations and polychromatic MTF, the type of IOL that would best improve image quality for a given patient can be established.
KEYWORDS: Holography, Holograms, Diffraction, Silver, Photography, Potassium, Industrial chemicals, Helium neon lasers, Chemical process control, Process control
Multicolor display holography has been described by using some different techniques. Those that allow white-light viewing of the final hologram generally involve several stages, some requiring accurate registration. The recording technique, the recording material and the processing are all important parts of the final color hologram. Various special techniques allow the production of holograms exhibiting different colors. Color control for reflection holograms usually implies the preswelling of the emulsion before the recording. In this paper we will describe different methods of obtaining different colors for reflection holography on silver halide photographic emulsion by means of chemical methods, other than the preswelling. By using a He-Ne laser at 632.8 nm for the recording, we can achieve a range of reconstruction wavelength from 550 nm to 700 nm by using different developments and bleachings as well as different temperatures during the processing. By measuring the coordinates of each point recorded, we will find its right wavelength. Thus, comparing them to those of the CIE diagram, we will know the exact location of each color in the horseshoe shape. This will allow us to choose the desired color and repeat it in the conditions previously experimented.
Photopolymers have been analyzed as holographic recording materials by measuring their diffraction efficiency in relation to the index modulation that is obtained with these materials, their spatial response and their energetic and spectral sensitivities. However, even though they are considered good recording materials for the storage of information and for the production of holographic optical elements, little information has been offered on the image quality that these recording materials produce. Among the different sources of noise in holography, noise gratings have been analyzed extensively in photographic emulsion due to the granular nature of these recording materials. However, information about photopolymers is quite scare. For material that work in real time, it is the transmittance function which measures the appearance of noise gratings given that the presence of this noise source manifests itself when transmitted light decreases due to diffraction. We present a theoretical model that relates the photopolymer transmittance function response with the noise grating structure. In keeping with the experiments we can say that noise gratings also appear in photopolymers which proves the presence of a certain granular structure in these materials. Their appearance and storage in these materials can be used as a methodology for the optimization of these recording materials.
Both theoretical an experimental results have shown that transversal chromatic aberration (TCA), also called chromatic difference in image position (CDP) in the object space, is the aberration that most deteriorates ocular image quality. In this paper we study the image quality of pseudophakic eyes based on the transversal spherical aberration (TA) and on the TCA. This study has been done from the point of view of geometrical and wave optics. The eye model that we use is a modified version of the whole theoretical eye used by Navarro et al. Using geometrical optics, we calculate the TA and the TCA for plano-convex or concave intraocular lenses (IOLs) and for meniscus IOLs. The loss of image quality and visual acuity increases as the TA and TCA increase. In addition to this, we have calculated the polychromatic modulation transfer functions (MTF) based on point spread functions (PSF) taking into account spherical aberration and defocus coefficients for the same cases. Finally, as regards chromatic and spherical aberrations, we can establish what type of IOL and which bending factor would best improve image quality for a given patient.
Photopolymers can be considered viable holographic material because of their many attractive features. Among these we could mention their ability to self-develop, the fact dry processing can be used with them, their good stability and thick emulsion layers, their haigh sensitivity, diffraction efficiency and resolution, and finally their non-volatile storage. Among the different sources of noise in holography, noise gratings are due to scattering from inhomogeneities in the recording material and have an important spurious effect on volume holography. Their effect at reconstruction is to bring about a reduction in diffraction efficiency and signal-to-noise ratio. Even though these scatter gratings have been seen in PMMA and other photopolymers, and in photorefractive crystals, they have really only been analyzed extensively for photographic emulsions, and information about these grating structures in photopolymers is quite scarce. In this communication we present the observation of noise gratings in an acrylamide photopolymer for use in real time holography. The possibilities of this noise source as a optimization technique for this type of materials are pointed out. Noise gratings in these polymer films were created upon exposure to a He-Ne laser collimated beam at 633 nm without any subsequent processing step. The influence of intensity on recording noise gratings and angular selectivity are reported showing its influence on the recording of this type of noise source in real time holographic materials.
When aberrations are present the principal maximum of the axial irradiance does not lie at the Gaussian image point but at an axial point closer to it. In general there may be more than one diffraction focus and a criteria is needed for the election of the best image point in the sense of minimal aberrations, we have proposed an entropy function as merit function for study the best image plane. In this paper we present an experimental procedure for the measure of the entropy of an different imaging planes for holographic optical elements. The point spread function of the holographic lens is recorded with a CCD camera for different imaging planes, taking as origin the Gaussian image plane. The CCD camera is controlled with a computer, and axial displacements of 1 micrometers are possible. With a computer program, the Point Spread Functions obtained are normalized to the total intensity of the plane, and then we have a probability distribution associated to every imaging plane. Using the definition of entropy, we numerically calculate the value of this magnitude. We represent the entropy as a function of distance from the Gaussian image plane and compare the results with theoretical predictions. A good agreement between theory and experience is found, so the concept of entropy could be used for finding the best image plane in holographic optical elements.
Dichromated gelatin has been established as the most frequently used recording material for the production of holographic optical elements. New applications are being found for photopolymers in previously unexplored areas such as holographic interconnect systems.
However, photographic emulsion from the beginning has been and continues to be the most used holographic recording material. This is due to its relatively high sensitivity and ease of processing, the availability of improved processing chemistries and commercial films, and the repeatibility of the results. We analyze different sources of noise in photographic emulsions (such as intermodulation noise, noise gratings, and nonlinear noise) and the influence of the photochemical process on those noise sources. Bleached emulsions using rehalogenating and solvent processes are considered, and silver-halide-sensitized gelatin is discussed as a medium for transmission holograms. New developers and new noise models are presented on the supposition that the nonlinear response of the recording material is due to the photochemical process.
Dichromated gelatin has been established as the most frequently used recording material for the obtention of holographic optical elements and new applications are being found for photopolymers in previously unexplored areas such as holographic interconnects. However, photographic emulsion from the beginning has been and continues to be the most used holographic recording material. This is due to the relatively high sensitivity and ease of processing of this material, improved processing chemistries, commercial films, and the repeatability of the results. In this paper we will analyze different sources of noise in photographic emulsions such as intermodulation noise, noise gratings and non-linear noise, and the influence of the photochemical process on the previously noise sources cited. Bleached emulsions by rehalogenating and solvent process will be considered and silver halide sensitized gelatin will be present as a solution in transmission holograms. At the same time, new developers and new noise models will be presented under the supposition that non-linear response of the recording material is due to the photochemical process.
During the past few years, the number of intraocular lenses that have been implanted has grown considerably, thereby creating the need for an exhaustive study of the characteristics of such lenses as image-forming systems. This paper discusses the spheric aberration of flat- convex intraocular lenses as measured by a holographic interferometer and compares the results with the technical data on the aberration that said lens presents. The match between theory and experimentation is good.
During the last few years, the number of intraocular lenses that have been implanted has grown considerably, thereby creating the need for an exhaustive study of the characteristics of such lenses as image-forming systems. In this paper, the spheric aberration of flat-convex intraocular lenses as measured by a holographic interferometer is discusses, and the results are compared with the technical data on the aberration that such a lens presents. The match between theory and experimentation is good.
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