Timing resolution (or timing jitter) and time walk are separate parameters associated with a detector’s response time. Studies have been done mostly on the time resolution of various single-photon detectors. As the designer and manufacturer of the ultra-low noise (ƙ-factor) silicon avalanche photodiode the super low K factor (SLiK) single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD), which is used in many single-photon counting applications, we often get inquiries from customers to better understand how this detector behaves under different operating conditions. Hence, here, we will be focusing on the study of these time-related parameters specifically for the SLiK SPAD, as a way to provide the most direct information for users of this detector to help with its use more efficiently and effectively. We will be providing the study data on how these parameters can be affected by temperature (both intrinsic to the detector chip and environmental input based on operating conditions), operating voltage, photon wavelength, as well as light spot size. How these parameters can be optimized and the trade-offs from optimization from the desired performance will be presented?
Timing resolution (or timing jitter) and time walk are separate parameters associated with a detector’s response time. Studies have been done mostly on the time resolution of various single photon detectors [1]. As the designer and manufacturer of the ultra-low noise (ƙ-factor) silicon avalanche photodiode the SLiK SPAD, which is used in many single photon counting applications, we often get inquiries from customers to better understand how this detector behaves under different operating conditions. Hence, here we will be focusing on the study of these time related parameters specifically for the SLiK SPAD, as a way to provide the most direct information for users of this detector to help with its use more efficiently and effectively. We will be providing the study data on how these parameters can be affected by temperature (both intrinsic to the detector chip and environmental input based on operating conditions), operating voltage, photon wavelength, as well as light spot size. How these parameters can be optimized and the trade-offs from optimization from the desired performance will be presented.
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scanners dedicated to small animal studies have seen a swift development in recent years. Higher spatial resolution, greater sensitivity and faster scanning procedures are the leading factors driving further improvements. The new LabPETTM system is a second-generation APD-based animal PET scanner that combines avalanche photodiode (APD) technology with a highly integrated, fully digital, parallel electronic architecture. This work reports on the performance characteristics of the LabPET quad detector module, which consists of LYSO/LGSO phoswich assemblies individually coupled to reach-through APDs. Individual crystals 2×2×~10 mm3 in size are optically coupled in pair along one long side to form the phoswich detectors. Although the LYSO and LGSO photopeaks partially overlap, the good energy resolution and decay time difference allow for efficient crystal identification by pulse-shape discrimination. Conventional analog discrimination techniques result in significant misidentification, but advanced digital signal processing methods make it possible to circumvent this limitation, achieving virtually error-free decoding. Timing resolution results of 3.4 ns and 4.5 ns FWHM have been obtained for LYSO and LGSO, respectively, using analog CFD techniques. However, test bench measurements with digital techniques have shown that resolutions in the range of 2 to 4 ns FWHM can be achieved.
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