Landsat 9 (L9) was launched on September 27, 2021, from Vandenberg Space Force Base in California. The U. S. Geological Survey (USGS) released Level-1 data, geometrically orthorectified and radiometrically calibrated imagery in digital numbers that can be scaled to Top-of-Atmosphere reflectance, and Level-2 data, geometrically orthorectified and radiometrically calibrated surface reflectance imagery, to the public on February 10, 2022. From September 27, 2021 to early January of 2022, the satellite and its two instruments, the Operational Land Imager (OLI) and the Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS), were in their commissioning phase, updating key radiometric and geometric calibration parameters for both the spacecraft and the instruments. The data acquired during the commissioning phase of the spacecraft and instruments were reprocessed with the newly determined post-launch calibration parameters prior to the releasing of the data to the public. After the public release of the data, the calibration parameters of the sensors and the spacecraft continue to be monitored to ensure the data released to the public is of the same high quality as previous Landsat data products. This paper discusses three key geometric performance aspects of the L9 spacecraft and its instruments during its early mission time frame (September 27, 2021 to June 27, 2022) including geodetic accuracy, geometric accuracy, and within band registration accuracy of the L9 products generated.
Accurate radiometric cross calibration is critical for guaranteeing the consistency of measurements from different Earth observation sensors, and fully using the combined data in quantitative applications. It becomes even more indispensable with the rapid increase of remote sensing data availability from numerous sensors. The assessment of the Spectral Band Adjustment Factor (SBAF) is a key component of the cross-calibration method. The SBAF compensates for intrinsic differences in sensor response caused by Spectral Response Function (SRF) mismatches. Currently, Sentinel and Landsat data represent the most widely accessible medium spatial resolution multispectral satellite data. Hence, in this study, the SBAF of the Multi-Spectral Imager (MSI) on-board Sentinel-2 and the Operational Land Imager (OLI) on-board Landsat-8 was estimated over pseudo-invariant calibration sites (PICS) located in North Africa. The SBAF depends on the hyperspectral profile of the target and the sensor SRF. Here, the hyperspectral profile was derived from the Hyperion hyperspectral imager on-board the EO-1. Finally, it is important to highlight that an estimate of the SBAF is incomplete unless accompanied with its uncertainty. The uncertainty analysis of the SBAF was implemented using Monte Carlo simulation. The results obtained in this study can be utilized by any user who needs the SBAF of the OLI and MS1 over North Africa Desert sites.
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