Long period fiber grating (LPFG) has been actively researched in bio-sensing applications owing to its ability to sense refractive index (RI) of the surrounding medium. We investigate on the adequacy of the present state of the art to quantify adsorption of bio-molecules on the surface of the fiber confined within few tens of nanometers and possible improvements in the design of sensors suitable for bio-sensing applications.
This work presents a fiber-optic Cavity Ring-Down (CRD) configuration using an added-signal for curvature sensing. An Optical Time-Domain Reflectometer (OTDR) was used to send impulses down into the fiber loop cavity, inside of which a long period grating (LPG) was placed to act as sensing device. The added-signal was obtained by the sum of several conventional CRD impulses, thus providing an improvement on the curvature sensitivity when compared to the conventional CRD signal processing. Sensitivity to applied curvature of 15.3 μs/m-1 was obtained. This result was found to be 20-fold the one obtained for the conventional CRD signal processing.
Long period fiber gratings (LPGs) have recently been proposed as label-free biosensors. A biochemical interaction
occurring along the grating region can be evaluated as a refractive index (RI) change, which modifies the transmission
spectrum of the fiber. This is an emergent, alternative choice with respect to other label-free optical systems, such as
surface plasmon resonance, interferometric and in-fiber configurations, and resonating structures. In this work, various
types of not-coated LPGs, in which the coupling occurs with increasing cladding mode orders, were manufactured for
increasing the RI sensitivity of these sensors. After the functionalization of the fiber surface using Eudragit L100
copolymer, a label-free IgG/anti-IgG bioassay was realized for analyzing the antigen/antibody interaction following the
same model assay. A comprehensive feasibility study was carried out among the different LPGs in order to assess and
compare the biosensor performance, highlighting the advantages and the disadvantages of each type. Experimental
results proved an improvement in the RI sensitivity and in the biosensor performance in the case of high-order cladding
mode LPGs, with values of detection limit lower than 50 ng mL-1 (330 pM). The performance enhancement can be
explained with the increase in the penetration depth of the evanescent field due to the increase of the cladding mode
order. The sensor response was also studied using complex matrices made up of human serum.
For detecting bio-molecular interaction using long period grating (LPG) we believe that a quantitative data concerning sensitivity for addition of layers on the surface and subsequently to optimize the same appears to be more usefull than defining LPG sensitivity for a surrounding refractive index change in bulk form. For the first time, to the best of our knowledge, we quantify the shift of resonant wavelength (Δλres) of the mode of interest around the transition point as a function of unit bi-layer thickness (Δd) of poly-electrolyte, deposited by ionic self assembly, and subsequently optimize the sensitivity Δλres/Δd. Experimental result show that a shift of ~12.5 nm/bi-layer is possible with optimum number of bi-layer deposition.
Long period fiber gratings (LPFGs) have been proposed as label-free optical biosensor for a few years. Refractive index changes, which modify the fiber transmission spectrum, are still used for evaluating a biochemical interaction that occurs along the grating region. A turn-around point (TAP) LPFG was manufactured for enhancing the refractive index sensitivity of these devices. Considering the simplicity and the fast process with respect to the silanization procedure, the functionalization of the fiber was carried out by Eudragit L100 copolymer. An IgG/anti-IgG immunoassay was implemented for studying the antigen/antibody interaction. A limit of detection lower than 100 μg L-1 was achieved. Based on the same model assay, we compared the resonance wavelength shifts during the injection of 10 mg L-1 anti-IgG antigen between the TAP LPFG and a standard non-TAP one, in which the coupling occurs with a lower order cladding mode, as performance improvement of the LPFG-based biosensors.
A fiber optic sensor for high sensitivity refractive index and temperature measurement able to withstand temperature up to 450 °C is reported. Two identical LPG gratings were fabricated, whereas one was coated with a high refractive index (~1.78) sol-gel thin film in order to increase its sensitivity to the external refractive index. The two sensors were characterized and compared in refractive index and temperature. Sensitivities of 1063 nm/RIU (1.338 – 1.348) and 260 pm/°C were achieved for refractive index and temperature, respectively.
We investigate the phase matching conditions and sensitivities of higher order metal jacketed long period gratings
(LPGs). These higher order modes have been previously demonstrated to have flatter, and therefore more sensitive,
phase matching conditions leading up to the phase matching turning point. We demonstrate this increased sensitivity as
applied to a Pd jacketed LPG hydrogen sensor illustrating an improvement in both the refractive index and temperature
sensitivity (of the 17th order mode) of an order of magnitude over the lower order (1st-9th) modes.
Complex regenerated Bragg gratings, seeded by complex type-I gratings in H2 loaded germanosilicate optical fibre is
reported. By this means, dual channel grating filters which are stable beyond 1000°C are produced. These high
temperature stable co-located dual gratings have potential application in sensing and multi-wavelength high power lasers.
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