This paper presents a holographic fabrication of a new type of photonic crystal, called graded photonic super-crystals with graded basis, dual period and dual symmetry. Pixel-by-pixel phase coding of laser beams in a spatial light modulator can produce the highest resolution in produced photonic super-lattice. Two-level designs in phase pattern are used to generate graded photonic super-crystals where graded square lattice clusters are orientated in four, five or six-fold symmetry. Further phase engineering in a super-cell of 12x8 pixels can produce small-period square lattice orientated in a large period rectangular pattern.
Coupling of light to surface plasmons at metal cathode represents a significant light loss in organic light-emitting diode. The newly discovered graded photonic super-crystals with dual periodicity and dual basis, present great opportunity to improve the light out-coupling (The light extraction efficiency) from organic light-emitting diodes. These graded photonic super-crystals can be holographically fabricated by eight beam interference lithography. In this paper, we have computed, through electrodynamic simulation, the light extraction efficiency of planar, organic light-emitting diodes where the Al cathode is patterned with the graded photonic super-crystals. When the cathode of an organic light-emitting device is patterned in the graded photonic super-crystals, a light extraction efficiency up to 70% in the visible range can be achieved.
Transparent conducting oxides are part of a robust material class that is capable of supporting near-IR surface plasmon resonances (SPRs) which are strongly dependent on size, structure, and doping of the material. This study presents the implementation of holographic lithography to structure large area square lattice cylindrical hole arrays on the transparent conducting oxide thin film, aluminum doped zinc oxide (AZO). For fabricated structures on a glass substrate, SPR are indirectly measured by FTIR transmission and verified with electromagnetic simulations using a finite difference time domain method. Furthermore, it is shown that the SPR excited are standing wave resonances in the (1,1) direction of the lattice array located at the interface of the patterned AZO and glass substrate. This research extends the robust CMOS compatible fabrication techniques of holographic lithography into tunable conductive materials,and contributes to the core technology of future integrated photonics.
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