KEYWORDS: Breast, Mammography, Digital mammography, Monte Carlo methods, Sensors, Image quality, Signal detection, Signal attenuation, Image restoration, Point spread functions
Scattered radiation remains one of the primary challenges for digital mammography, resulting in decreased image contrast and visualization of key features. While anti-scatter grids are commonly used to reduce scattered radiation in digital mammography, they are an incomplete solution that can add radiation dose, cost, and complexity. Instead, a software-based scatter correction method utilizing asymmetric scatter kernels is developed and evaluated in this work, which improves upon conventional symmetric kernels by adapting to local variations in object thickness and attenuation that result from the heterogeneous nature of breast tissue. This fast adaptive scatter kernel superposition (fASKS) method was applied to mammography by generating scatter kernels specific to the object size, x-ray energy, and system geometry of the projection data. The method was first validated with Monte Carlo simulation of a statistically-defined digital breast phantom, which was followed by initial validation on phantom studies conducted on a clinical mammography system. Results from the Monte Carlo simulation demonstrate excellent agreement between the estimated and true scatter signal, resulting in accurate scatter correction and recovery of 87% of the image contrast originally lost to scatter. Additionally, the asymmetric kernel provided more accurate scatter correction than the conventional symmetric kernel, especially at the edge of the breast. Results from the phantom studies on a clinical system further validate the ability of the asymmetric kernel correction method to accurately subtract the scatter signal and improve image quality. In conclusion, software-based scatter correction for mammography is a promising alternative to hardware-based approaches such as anti-scatter grids.
We investigate a real-time digital tomosynthesis (DTS) imaging modality, based on the scanning beam digital
x-ray (SBDX) hardware, used in conjunction with an electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy (ENB) system
to provide improved image guidance for minimally invasive transbronchial needle biopsy (TBNbx). Because the
SBDX system source uses electron beams, steered by electromagnets, to generate x-rays, and the ENB system
generates an electromagnetic field to localize and track steerable navigation catheters, the two systems will affect
each other when operated in proximity. We first investigate the compatibility of the systems by measuring the
ENB system localization error as a function of distance between the two systems. The SBDX system reconstructs
DTS images, which provide depth information, and so we investigate the improvement in lung nodule visualization
using SBDX system DTS images and compare them to fluoroscopic images currently used for biopsy verification.
Target localization error remains below 2mm (or virtually error free) if the volume-of-interest (VOI) is at least
50cm away from the SBDX system source and detector. Inside this region, tomographic angle ranges from 3° to
10° depending on the VOI location. Improved lung nodule (≤ 20mm diameter) contrast is achieved by imaging
the VOI near the SBDX system detector, where the tomographic angle is maximized. The combination of the
SBDX image guidance with an ENB system would provide real-time visualization during biopsy with improved
localization of the target and needle/biopsy instruments, thereby increasing the average and lowering the variance
of the yield for TBNbx.
Tomosynthesis is an imaging technique that has gained renewed interest with recent advancements of flat-panel
digital detectors. Because of the wide range of potential applications, a systematic analysis of 3D tomosynthesis
imaging systems would contribute to the understanding and development. This paper extends a systematic evaluation
of thoracic tomosynthetic imaging performance as a function of imaging parameters, such as the number
of projections, tomosynthesis orbital extent, and reconstruction filters. We evaluate lung nodule detectability
and anatomical clutter as a function of tomosynthesis orbital extent using anthropomorphic phantoms and a
table-top acquisition system. Tomosynthesis coronal slices were reconstructed using the FDK algorithm for
cone-beam geometry from 91 projections uniformly distributed over acquisition orbital extents (θ) ranging from
10° to 180°. Visual comparisons of different tomosynthesis reconstructions of a lung nodule show the progressive
decrease of anatomical clutter as θ increases. Additionally, three quantitative figures of merit were computed
and compared: signal-difference-to-noise ratio (SDNR), anatomical clutter power spectrum (PS), and theoretical
detectability index (DI). Lung nodule SDNR increases as θ increases from 0° to 120°. Anatomical clutter PS
shows that the clutter magnitude and correlation decrease as θ increases, increasing detectability. Similarly, 2D
and 3D DI increase as θ increases in the anatomical dominated exposure ranges. On the other hand, 2D slice
DI is lower than the 3D DI for larger θ (e.g. 120°), because of the information loss in the depth direction for 2D
slices. In other words, inspecting 3D is better for larger acquisition orbital extents, because the extra information
acquired at larger angles cannot be fully recovered from 2D tomosynthesis reconstruction slices. In summary,
detectability in tomosynthesis reconstructions for thoracic imaging increases as fixed dose is distributed over a
larger acquisition orbital extent (up to 120°).
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